In this vignette we demonstrate the basic workflow using the most recent Emnid survey.
This package calculates coalition probabilities in multi-party systems. To this end we provide some convenience functions, the most important of which are listed below:
scrape_wahlrecht: A wrapper function that download the most current survey results from https://www.wahlrecht.de/
collapse_parties: Transforms information on percentages received by individual parties in long format and stores them inside a nested tibble (see tidyr::nest)
draw_from_posterior: Draws nsim samples from the posterior distribution (i.e. nsim simulated election results based on provided survey)
get_seats: Obtain seat distributions for each simulation (see also ?sls)
have_majority: Given a list of coalitions of interest, calculates if the respective coalition would have enough seats for a majority
calculate_probs: Given majority tables obtained from have_majority, calculates the probabilities for the respective coalitions to have enough seats for a majority
# one line per survey (party information in wide format)
emnid <- scrape_wahlrecht() %>% slice(1:6)
emnid %>% select(-start, -end)## # A tibble: 6 x 9
## date cdu spd greens fdp left afd others respondents
## <date> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 2013-09-29 43 26 7 3 9 6 6 1382
## 2 2013-10-06 42 25 8 4 9 6 6 1849
## 3 2013-10-13 42 25 9 3 10 6 5 1833
## 4 2013-10-20 42 25 9 3 10 5 6 2334
## 5 2013-10-27 41 26 10 3 9 5 6 3219
## 6 2013-11-03 42 25 9 3 9 5 7 2768After applying collapse_parties we still have one row per survey, but information on parties and percentage of votes they received is stored in a long format in a separate column (see ?tidyr::nest):
elong <- collapse_parties(emnid)
head(elong)## # A tibble: 6 x 5
## date start end respondents survey
## <date> <date> <date> <dbl> <list>
## 1 2013-11-03 2013-10-24 2013-10-30 2768 <tibble[,3] [7 × 3]>
## 2 2013-10-27 2013-10-17 2013-10-23 3219 <tibble[,3] [7 × 3]>
## 3 2013-10-20 2013-10-10 2013-10-16 2334 <tibble[,3] [7 × 3]>
## 4 2013-10-13 2013-10-04 2013-10-09 1833 <tibble[,3] [7 × 3]>
## 5 2013-10-06 2013-09-26 2013-10-01 1849 <tibble[,3] [7 × 3]>
## 6 2013-09-29 2013-09-24 2013-09-26 1382 <tibble[,3] [7 × 3]>## # A tibble: 7 x 3
## party percent votes
## <chr> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 cdu 42 1163.
## 2 spd 25 692
## 3 greens 9 249.
## 4 fdp 3 83.0
## 5 left 9 249.
## 6 afd 5 138.
## 7 others 7 194.Based on each survey we can now simulate nsim elections by drawing from the Dirichlet distribution
set.seed(1) # for reproducibility
elong <- elong %>%
mutate(draws = map(survey, draw_from_posterior, nsim=10, correction=0.005))
elong %>% select(date, survey, draws)## # A tibble: 6 x 3
## date survey draws
## <date> <list> <list>
## 1 2013-11-03 <tibble[,3] [7 × 3]> <tibble[,7] [10 × 7]>
## 2 2013-10-27 <tibble[,3] [7 × 3]> <tibble[,7] [10 × 7]>
## 3 2013-10-20 <tibble[,3] [7 × 3]> <tibble[,7] [10 × 7]>
## 4 2013-10-13 <tibble[,3] [7 × 3]> <tibble[,7] [10 × 7]>
## 5 2013-10-06 <tibble[,3] [7 × 3]> <tibble[,7] [10 × 7]>
## 6 2013-09-29 <tibble[,3] [7 × 3]> <tibble[,7] [10 × 7]>## # A tibble: 10 x 7
## cdu spd greens fdp left afd others
## <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 0.422 0.256 0.0799 0.0292 0.0920 0.0518 0.0696
## 2 0.404 0.249 0.0940 0.0247 0.0991 0.0593 0.0693
## 3 0.432 0.245 0.0887 0.0378 0.0888 0.0382 0.0697
## 4 0.418 0.259 0.0877 0.0293 0.0862 0.0527 0.0673
## 5 0.412 0.251 0.0873 0.0282 0.0786 0.0595 0.0832
## 6 0.430 0.250 0.0810 0.0343 0.0862 0.0484 0.0702
## 7 0.436 0.245 0.0842 0.0351 0.0800 0.0521 0.0668
## 8 0.423 0.249 0.0935 0.0269 0.0918 0.0490 0.0670
## 9 0.423 0.244 0.0932 0.0368 0.0931 0.0471 0.0623
## 10 0.430 0.243 0.0949 0.0231 0.0905 0.0505 0.0675Given the simulated elections, we can calculate the number of seats each party obtained. To do so we need to have a function that knows how to redistribute seats for the particular election. In Germany for example, seats are distributed according to the system of Sainte-Lague-Scheppers, which is implemented in ?sls.
This makes this package easily extensible to other multi-party systems, as you only need to provide a function that redistributes seats based on percentages obtained by the various parties and provide that function to the distrib.fun argument of the get_seats function:
elong <- elong %>%
mutate(seats = map2(draws, survey, get_seats, distrib.fun=sls))
elong %>% select(date, survey, draws, seats)## # A tibble: 6 x 4
## date survey draws seats
## <date> <list> <list> <list>
## 1 2013-11-03 <tibble[,3] [7 × 3]> <tibble[,7] [10 × 7]> <tibble[,3] [46 × 3]>
## 2 2013-10-27 <tibble[,3] [7 × 3]> <tibble[,7] [10 × 7]> <tibble[,3] [46 × 3]>
## 3 2013-10-20 <tibble[,3] [7 × 3]> <tibble[,7] [10 × 7]> <tibble[,3] [46 × 3]>
## 4 2013-10-13 <tibble[,3] [7 × 3]> <tibble[,7] [10 × 7]> <tibble[,3] [49 × 3]>
## 5 2013-10-06 <tibble[,3] [7 × 3]> <tibble[,7] [10 × 7]> <tibble[,3] [49 × 3]>
## 6 2013-09-29 <tibble[,3] [7 × 3]> <tibble[,7] [10 × 7]> <tibble[,3] [49 × 3]>
## sim column indicates simulated elections (rows in draws column)
elong %>% slice(1) %>% select(seats) %>% unnest("seats")## # A tibble: 46 x 3
## sim party seats
## <int> <chr> <int>
## 1 1 cdu 280
## 2 1 spd 170
## 3 1 greens 53
## 4 1 left 61
## 5 1 afd 34
## 6 2 cdu 267
## 7 2 spd 165
## 8 2 greens 62
## 9 2 left 65
## 10 2 afd 39
## # … with 36 more rowsIn the above example, given the latest survey, CDU/CSU would have 280 seats in the first simulation, 267 seats in the second simulation, etc.
The next step is to define coalitions of interest, then calculate in what percentage of the simulations the coalition would obtain enough seats for a majority.
Below, each list element defines one coalition of interest (one party could potentially obtain absolute majority on their own):
coalitions <- list(
c("cdu"),
c("cdu", "fdp"),
c("cdu", "greens"),
c("cdu", "fdp", "greens"),
c("spd"),
c("spd", "left"),
c("spd", "greens"),
c("spd", "left", "greens"),
c("cdu", "spd"))
elong <- elong %>%
mutate(majorities = map(seats, have_majority, coalitions = coalitions))
elong %>% select(date, draws, seats, majorities)## # A tibble: 6 x 4
## date draws seats majorities
## <date> <list> <list> <list>
## 1 2013-11-03 <tibble[,7] [10 × 7]> <tibble[,3] [46 × 3]> <tibble[,9] [10 × 9]>
## 2 2013-10-27 <tibble[,7] [10 × 7]> <tibble[,3] [46 × 3]> <tibble[,9] [10 × 9]>
## 3 2013-10-20 <tibble[,7] [10 × 7]> <tibble[,3] [46 × 3]> <tibble[,9] [10 × 9]>
## 4 2013-10-13 <tibble[,7] [10 × 7]> <tibble[,3] [49 × 3]> <tibble[,9] [10 × 9]>
## 5 2013-10-06 <tibble[,7] [10 × 7]> <tibble[,3] [49 × 3]> <tibble[,9] [10 × 9]>
## 6 2013-09-29 <tibble[,7] [10 × 7]> <tibble[,3] [49 × 3]> <tibble[,9] [10 × 9]>
# The majorities table for each date will have 1 row per simulation
# and one column per coalition
elong %>% slice(1) %>% select(majorities) %>% unnest("majorities")## # A tibble: 10 x 9
## cdu cdu_fdp cdu_greens cdu_fdp_greens spd left_spd greens_spd
## <lgl> <lgl> <lgl> <lgl> <lgl> <lgl> <lgl>
## 1 FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## 2 FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## 3 TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## 4 FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## 5 FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## 6 TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## 7 FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## 8 FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## 9 FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## 10 FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## # … with 2 more variables: greens_left_spd <lgl>, cdu_spd <lgl>The last step is to calculate the coalition probabilities (note that by default we exclude “superior” coalitions, i.e. if “cdu/csu” have a majority on their own, this simulation will not be counted to the simulation with majority for “cdu/csu” and “fdp”, see example in ?calculate_probs):
elong <- elong %>%
mutate(
probabilities = map(majorities, calculate_probs, coalitions=coalitions))
elong %>% select(date, majorities, probabilities)## # A tibble: 6 x 3
## date majorities probabilities
## <date> <list> <list>
## 1 2013-11-03 <tibble[,9] [10 × 9]> <tibble[,2] [9 × 2]>
## 2 2013-10-27 <tibble[,9] [10 × 9]> <tibble[,2] [9 × 2]>
## 3 2013-10-20 <tibble[,9] [10 × 9]> <tibble[,2] [9 × 2]>
## 4 2013-10-13 <tibble[,9] [10 × 9]> <tibble[,2] [9 × 2]>
## 5 2013-10-06 <tibble[,9] [10 × 9]> <tibble[,2] [9 × 2]>
## 6 2013-09-29 <tibble[,9] [10 × 9]> <tibble[,2] [9 × 2]>## # A tibble: 9 x 2
## coalition probability
## <chr> <dbl>
## 1 cdu 20
## 2 cdu_fdp 0
## 3 cdu_greens 80
## 4 cdu_fdp_greens 0
## 5 spd 0
## 6 left_spd 0
## 7 greens_spd 0
## 8 greens_left_spd 20
## 9 cdu_spd 80There is a wrapper function that directly returns probabilities:
elong <- collapse_parties(emnid)
elong %>% get_probabilities(., nsim=10) %>% unnest("probabilities")## # A tibble: 36 x 3
## date coalition probability
## <date> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 2013-11-03 cdu 20
## 2 2013-11-03 cdu_fdp 0
## 3 2013-11-03 cdu_fdp_greens 80
## 4 2013-11-03 spd 0
## 5 2013-11-03 left_spd 0
## 6 2013-11-03 greens_left_spd 40
## 7 2013-10-27 cdu 0
## 8 2013-10-27 cdu_fdp 0
## 9 2013-10-27 cdu_fdp_greens 100
## 10 2013-10-27 spd 0
## # … with 26 more rows